Affective disorders on the
background of hypothyroidism.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Introduction. Affective disorders are the most common psychopathological symptoms of hypothyroidism. Hypothyroidism greatly reduces the effectiveness of antidepressants and replacement L-thyroxine therapy is not enough to eliminate the anxiety and depressive disorders in hypothyroidism. Aim. The purpose of the research is study of psychosomatic and somatopsychical relationships in hypothyroidism and depression. Material and methods. Four hundred and six patients (78 men and 328 women) with affective disorders aged 51,3 ± 4,7 years were examined. The concentration of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), thyroxine (T4), cortisol, adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) in the blood, urinary excretion of norepinephrine and epinephrine was determined. Severity of depression was estimated by the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS), alexithymia level - by the Toronto alexithymia scale (TAS-26). Results. In euthyroid patients TSH level was 2,7 ± 0,13 mU/l, in hypothyroid - 14,1 ± 1,21 mU / l (p<0.001), T4 level was 14,4 ± 1,36 and 7.1±1.16 pmol/l, respectively (p<0.001). Depressive disorders were revealed in 374 patients (92.1%), other affective disorders - in 32 patients (7.9%). Hypothyroid patients had more pronounced depression by the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression and a higher average score by TAS-26 as compared to euthyroid patients (17,8 ± 2,1 vs 15,3 ± 1,9 points, p=0.001and 79,9 ± 4,6 vs. 71,1 ± 4,4 points; p<0.001 respectively). TSH level has a direct correlation with severity of depression (R=0,62; р<0,001). Severe depression was observed in hypothyroid patients more often than in euthyroid patients (9.5% vs. 5.0%; р=0,029). Patients with affective disorders and hypothyroidism have a higher cortisol level and lower ACTH level than euthyroid patients (503±12.1 vs. 420±10.9 nmol/l; р<0.001 and 12.9±3.07 vs. 15.3±3.4; р<0.001 respectively). Urinary excretion of epinephrine and norepinephrine in hypothyroid patients was higher than that in euthyroid patients: 37,8 ± 2,18 vs. 31,1 ± 2,06 nmol (p<0.001) and 39,2 ± 2,14 vs. 33,4 ± 2,1 nmol (p<0.001), respectively. Conclusions. Prevalence of hypothyroidism among patients with affective disorders is higher than in the general population. The severity of the depression has a direct correlation with TSH. Activity of the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system is higher in patients with hypothyroidism than in patients with euthyroidism.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.011 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".