Concentrations of Te, As, Bi, Sb (TABS) and Se in the Marginal Zone of the Bushveld Complex: evidence for crustal contamination and the nature of the magma that formed the Merensky Reef
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The association of platinum-group elements (PGE) and the chalcophile elements Te, As, Bi, Sb and Sn (TABS) has been documented in several magmatic sulfide deposits. These groups of elements are either hosted within sulfide minerals, or combine to form discrete platinum-group minerals (PGM) associated with sulfide minerals. However, the concentration of TABS in parental magmas from which magmatic sulfide deposits formed was still missing. This study presents the distribution of TABS and Se in B-1, B-2 and B-3 rocks of the Marginal Zone of the Bushveld Complex. These rocks have been proposed as representative of the parental liquids from which the Bushveld Complex crystallized, thus allowing us to assess the concentration of Se and TABS in the liquids from which some of the largest PGE deposits in the world have formed. Concentrations of As and Sb in the initial Bushveld liquid (B-1) are significantly higher than in primary magmas, whereas the Se and TABS of later magmas (B-2 and B-3) are similar to primary magmas. We attribute the difference due upper crustal contamination of the B-1 magma, whereas the B-2 and B-3 magmas were most likely contaminated with a plagioclase-rich residuum formed upon the partial melting of the upper crust. Moreover, we modeled the concentrations of the TABS in the Merensky Reef using a mixture of two of the magma types present in the Marginal Zone (the B-1 and B-2) as the initial silicate liquid. The modeled concentrations closely resemble the measured values obtained for a section across the Merensky Reef at the Impala mine. This supports the B-1 and B-2 mixture as an appropriate initial liquid for the crystallization of the Merensky Reef. The modeling also shows that the distributions of Se, Te and Bi across the Merensky Reef are controlled by the sulfide liquid component. In contrast, As and Sb distributions are influenced both by the amount of silicate melt component in the cumulates and the sulfide liquid component. This is because Se, Te and Bi are moderately to strongly chalcophile elements, but As and Sb are only slightly chalcophile elements. Consequently, the effect of crustal contamination for elements with high partition coefficients between sulfide and silicate liquid (Te, Bi and Se) is obscured by the interaction of sulfides with a large volume of silicate magma. Therefore, the concentrations of these elements are higher in samples with greater proportions of sulfide minerals. In contrast, for elements with lower partition coefficients (As and Sb), the whole-rock concentrations are not upgraded by the presence of sulfide minerals, and thus the effect of crustal contamination can be more readily assessed.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".