Small city politics in the Global South: state imaginaries and everyday realities of a frontier city in northern Vietnam
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In the northern Vietnam uplands, the socialist state’s urbanization plans are rapidly expanding the region’s small cities and re-configuring their built form. Drawing on conceptual debates concerning small cities, urban space production, and everyday politics, we investigate dynamics of urbanization in one such small upland city, Cao Bằng. While legislative planning documents and official ideologies prioritize Cao Bằng’s regional economic expansion, we find the resulting transformations in the city’s built form engender sprawl and fragmentation. In reaction to both these physical changes and retributions for “disorderly” space use, the city’s most marginalized residents adapt their everyday spatial approriation tactics, while implementing a range of covert resistance approaches to protect their livelihoods. We suggest that such contentions between residents, state officials, and the plans they implement, reflect broader struggles regarding the state’s “territorialization” project for these remote uplands, with the region’s small cities being adopted as useful entry points.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.010 | 0.014 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.006 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".