Measurement of CeO2 Nanoparticles in Natural Waters Using a High Sensitivity, Single Particle ICP-MS
Bibliographic record
Abstract
As the production and use of cerium oxide nanoparticles (CeO2 NPs) increases, so does the concern of the scientific community over their release into the environment. Single particle inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry is emerging as one of the best techniques for NP detection and quantification; however, it is often limited by high size detection limits (SDL). To that end, a high sensitivity sector field ICP-MS (SF-ICP-MS) with microsecond dwell times (50 µs) was used to lower the SDL of CeO2 NPs to below 4.0 nm. Ag and Au NPs were also analyzed for reference. SF-ICP-MS was then used to detect CeO2 NPs in a Montreal rainwater at a concentration of (2.2 ± 0.1) × 108 L−1 with a mean diameter of 10.8 ± 0.2 nm; and in a St. Lawrence River water at a concentration of ((1.6 ± 0.3) × 109 L−1) with a higher mean diameter (21.9 ± 0.8 nm). SF-ICP-MS and single particle time of flight ICP-MS on Ce and La indicated that 36% of the Ce-containing NPs detected in Montreal rainwater were engineered Ce NPs.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".