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Cosmic ray spectrum from 250 TeV to 10 PeV using IceTop
M. G. Aartsen, M. Ackermann, J. Adams, J. A. Aguilar, M. Ahlers, M. Ahrens, C. Alispach, N. M. Amin, K. Andeen, T. Anderson, I. Ansseau, G. Anton, C. Argüelles, J. Auffenberg, Spencer Axani, H. Bagherpour, X. Bai, Aswathi Balagopal, Anastasia Maria Barbano, S. W. Barwick, Benjamin Bastian, V. Baum, S. Baur, R. Bay, J. J. Beatty, K. Becker, J. Becker Tjus, S. BenZvi, D. Berley, E. Bernardini, D. Z. Besson, G. Binder, D. Bindig, E. Blaufuss, Summer Blot, C. Böhm, S. Böser, O. Botner, J. Böttcher, E. Bourbeau, J. Bourbeau, Federica Bradascio, J. Braun, S. Bron, Jannes Brostean-Kaiser, A. Burgman, J. Büscher, R. S. Busse, T. Carver, C. Chen, E. Cheung, D. Chirkin, S. Choi, Brian Clark, K. Clark, Lew Classen, Alan Coleman, G. H. Collin, J. M. Conrad, Paul Coppin, Pablo Correa, D. F. Cowen, R. Cross, Pranav Dave, C. De Clercq, James DeLaunay, H.-P. Dembinski, Kunal Deoskar, S. De Ridder, P. Desiati, K. D. de Vries, G. de Wasseige, M. de With, T. DeYoung, Sukeerthi Dharani, Alejandro A. Díaz, J. C. Díaz–Vélez, Hrvoje Dujmović, Emily Dvorak, B. Eberhardt, T. Ehrhardt, P. Eller, R. Engel, P. A. Evenson, S. Fahey, A. R. Fazely, J. Felde, Aaron Fienberg, K. Filimonov, C. Finley, D. B. Fox, A. Franckowiak, E. Friedman, Alexander Fritz, T. K. Gaisser, J. Gallagher, Erik Ganster, S. Garrappa, L. Gerhardt, K. Ghorbani, Theo Glauch, T. Glüsenkamp, A. Goldschmidt, J. G. González, D. Grant, T. Grégoire, Z. Griffith, Spencer Griswold, M. Günder, Mehmet Gündüz, Christian Haack, A. Hallgren, R. Halliday, L. Halve, F. Halzen, K. Hanson, A. Haungs, Simon Hauser, D. Hebecker, D. Heereman, P. Heix, K. Helbing, R. Hellauer, F. Henningsen, S. Hickford, J. Hignight, Colton Hill, G. C. Hill, K. D. Hoffman, R. Hoffmann, Tobias Hoinka, B. Hokanson-Fasig, K. Hoshina, M. E. Huber, Thomas Huber, K. Hultqvist, M. Hünnefeld, Raamis Hussain, S. In, N. Iovine, A. Ishihara, Matti Jansson, G. S. Japaridze, Minjin Jeong, K. Jero, B. J. P. Jones, F. Jonske, R. Joppe, Woosik Kang, A. Kappes, David Kappesser, T. Karg, Martina Karl, A. Karle, U. Katz, M. Kauer, M. Kellermann, J. L. Kelley, Ali Kheirandish, J. Kim, T. Kintscher, J. Kiryluk, T. Kittler, Ramesh Koirala, H. Kolanoski, L. Köpke, Claudio Kopper, S. Kopper, D. J. Koskinen, Paras Koundal, M. Kowalski, K. Krings, G. Krückl, N. Kulacz, N. Kurahashi, A. Kyriacou, J. L. Lanfranchi, M. J. Larson, Frederik Hermann Lauber, Jeffrey Lazar, Agnieszka Leszczyńska, Y. Li, Qinrui Liu, Elisa Lohfink, L. Lu, Francesco Lucarelli, A. Ludwig, J. Lünemann, William Luszczak, W. Y., J. Madsen, G. Maggi, K. B. M. Mahn, P. Mallik, K. Mallot, Sarah Mancina, Ioana Codrina Mariş, R. Maruyama, K. Mase, R. Maunu, Frank McNally, K. Meagher, M. Medici, Andrés Medina, Maximilian Meier, S. Meighen-Berger, G. Merino, J. Merz, T. Meures, Jessie Micallef, D. Mockler, G. Momenté, T. Montaruli, R. W. Moore, R. Morse, Marjon Moulai, P. Muth, R. Nagai, Uwe Naumann, G. Neer, Le Viet Nguyen, Hans Niederhausen, M. U. Nisa, Sarah Nowicki, D. R. Nygren, A. Obertacke Pollmann, M. Oehler, A. Olivas, A. O’Murchadha, Erin O’Sullivan, Hershal Pandya, D. V. Pankova, N. Park, Grant Parker, Ek Narayan Paudel, P. Peiffer, C. Pérez de los Heros, S. Philippen, D. Pieloth, Sarah Pieper, E. Pinat, A. Pizzuto, M. Plum, Yuriy Popovych, A. Porcelli, P. Buford Price, G. T. Przybylski, Christoph Raab, Amirreza Raissi, M. Rameez, L. Rauch, K. Rawlins, I. C. Rea, Abdul Rehman, R. Reimann, B. Relethford, M. Renschler, Giovanni Renzi, E. Resconi, W. Rhode, M. Richman, S. Robertson, Martin Rongen, C. Rott, T. Ruhe, D. Ryckbosch, Devyn Rysewyk Cantu, I. Safa, S. E. Sanchez Herrera, Alexander Sandrock, J. Sandroos, M. Santander, S. Sarkar, K. Satalecka, Maximilian Karl Scharf, Merlin Schaufel, H. Schieler, P. Schlunder, T. Schmidt, A. Schneider, Judith Schneider, Frank Schröder, L. Schumacher, S. Sclafani, D. Seckel, S. Seunarine, S. Shefali, M. Silva, B. Smithers, R. Snihur, Jan Soedingrekso, Dennis Soldin, M. Song, G. M. Spiczak, Christian Spiering, Juliana Stachurska, M. Stamatikos, Todor Stanev, Robert Stein, J. Stettner, A. Steuer, T. Stezelberger, R. G. Stokstad, N. L. Strotjohann, T. Stürwald, Thomas Stuttard, G. W. Sullivan, I. Taboada, F. Tenholt, S. Ter–Antonyan, A. Terliuk, S. Tilav, Kirsten Tollefson, Lenka Tomankova, Christoph Tönnis, S. Toscano, D. Tosi, Alexander Trettin, M. Tselengidou, C. F. Tung, A. Turcati, Roxanne Turcotte, Colin Turley, B. Ty, E. Unger, Martin Unland Elorrieta, M. Usner, J. Vandenbroucke, W. Van Driessche, D. van Eijk, N. van Eijndhoven, D. Vannerom, J. V. Santen, Stef Verpoest, M. Vraeghe, C. Walck, A. Wallace, M. Wallraff, N. Wandkowsky, T. B. Watson, Ch. Weaver, A. Weindl, Jan Weldert, C. Wendt, Johannes Werthebach, B. J. Whelan, N. Whitehorn, K. Wiebe, C. H. Wiebusch, L. Wille, D. R. Williams, L. Wills, Martin Wolf, J. Wood, T. R. Wood, K. Woschnagg, Gerrit Wrede, Johan Wilfried Wulff, D. L. Xu, Xiaolin Xu, Y. Xu, J. P. Yáñez, G. Yodh, S. Yoshida, Tony Yuan, Z. Zhang, M. Zöcklein
Bibliographic record
VenuePhysical review. D/Physical review. D. · 2020
Typearticle
Languageen
FieldPhysics and Astronomy
TopicAstrophysics and Cosmic Phenomena
Canadian institutionsUniversity of AlbertaSnolab
FundersJapan Society for the Promotion of ScienceDeutsches Elektronen-SynchrotronScience and Technology Facilities CouncilOffice of Polar ProgramsCollege of Engineering, Michigan State UniversityHelmholtz Alliance for Astroparticle PhysicsHelmholtz AssociationChiba UniversityInstitute for Global Prominent Research, Chiba UniversityRWTH Aachen UniversityKnut och Alice Wallenbergs StiftelseMarsden FundBundesministerium für Bildung und ForschungDanmarks GrundforskningsfondSchweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen ForschungNational Science FoundationBelgian Federal Science Policy OfficeDeutsche ForschungsgemeinschaftUniversity of OxfordFonds Wetenschappelijk OnderzoekMarquette UniversityCanada Foundation for InnovationAustralian Research CouncilWestern Canada Research GridFonds De La Recherche Scientifique - FNRSPolarforskningssekretariatetUniversity of MarylandWisconsin Alumni Research FoundationNational Research Foundation of KoreaVillum FondenNational Research FoundationMichigan State UniversityNatural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of CanadaUniversity of DelawareCompute CanadaVetenskapsrådetU.S. Department of EnergyUniversity of Wisconsin-MadisonCarlsbergfondet
KeywordsCosmic rayRange (aeronautics)Energy spectrumDetectorPhysicsEnergy (signal processing)AstrophysicsCOSMIC cancer databaseSpectrum (functional analysis)AstronomyOpticsAerospace engineeringEngineering
Abstract
We report here an extension of the measurement of the all-particle cosmic-ray spectrum with IceTop to lower energy. The new measurement gives full coverage of the knee region of the spectrum and reduces the gap in energy between previous IceTop and direct measurements. With a new trigger that selects events in closely spaced detectors in the center of the array, the IceTop energy threshold is lowered by almost an order of magnitude below its previous threshold of 2 PeV. In this paper we explain how the new trigger is implemented, and we describe the new machine-learning method developed to deal with events with very few detectors hit. We compare the results with previous measurements by IceTop and others that overlap at higher energy and with HAWC and Tibet in the 100 TeV range.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
metaresearch head score (Codex)0.001
metaresearch head score (Gemma)0.001
Version: metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061cValidation status: machine_predicted_unvalidated
Candidate categoriesnone
Consensus categoriesnone
DomainCandidate signal: none · Consensus signal: none
Study designCandidate signal: Observational · Consensus signal: Observational
GenreCandidate signal: Empirical · Consensus signal: Empirical
Teacher disagreement score0.003
Threshold uncertainty score0.011
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
Opus teacher head0.022
GPT teacher head0.378
Teacher spread0.356 · how far apart the two teachers sit on this one work
Validation status
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
The models applied no category: nothing in the taxonomy fit this work.
Study designObservational
Domainnot available
GenreEmpirical
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".
Quick stats
Citations36
Published2020
Admission routes2
Has abstractyes