Mathematical modeling of sintering of two cylinders in fused filament fabrication
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In fused filament fabrication (FFF), it is important to know the time required for a pair of cylinders to coalesce and form a single cylinder. Virtually all present day mathematical models for viscous sintering of polymer particles are based on Frenkel's model, which was originally developed for the start of the coalescence. It is based on the assumption that the process time is determined by the balance of surface tension and viscous forces. The original model and subsequent modification, by the second author and coworkers, was for two spherical particles. In sintering of spheres the balance is carried out for a biaxial flow field. For cylinder sintering the flow field is planar. Frenkel's model has been modified for planar flow and extended to the completion of the process. Comparisons were made to an isothermal model presented by Hopper, where an inverse ellipse shape was used to describe the evolving geometry, rather that two intersecting cylinders of the present case. Comparison with some experimental data has also been carried out.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".