Pacific white shrimp ( <i>Litopenaeus vannamei</i> ) shell chitosan and the conjugate with epigallocatechin gallate: Antioxidative and antimicrobial activities
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Chitin was isolated from Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) shell by demineralization and deproteinization using 1 M HCl (1:20, w/v) for 2 hr and 1 M NaOH (1:30 w/v) for 80 min at 70ºC, respectively, with 29.96% optimum yield. Thereafter, the chitin was deacetylated at various temperatures for different times, in which the chitosan prepared at 130ºC for 4 hr (CS-130-4) showed higher yield (73.11%), crystallinity index (19.75%), and 85.28% degree of deacetylation (DDA) as measured by 1H-NMR. CS-130-4 was then conjugated to epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) at various concentrations (2–8%, w/w of chitosan). CS-130-4 was grafted with 8% EGCG (CE-8) had the higher conjugation efficiency (92.63%) and antimicrobial/antioxidant activities as compared to other conjugates (p < .05). 1H-NMR analysis also confirmed the successful conjugation of CE-8. All the conjugates were completely water soluble. Therefore, CE-8 may be used as the natural antimicrobial and antioxidant agents in various food products. Practical applications Shrimp shells are generally considered as processing by-products of the shellfish industries and can cause environmental pollution when improperly disposed. Chitosan from shrimp shells has been widely produced but it is soluble mainly in acidic solutions, which limits its applications. However, grafting of epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) onto chitosan yielded water-soluble conjugates with enhanced antioxidant and antimicrobial properties. Although several preservatives have been applied in foods, their health hazards have been a major concern. To mitigate this limitation, chitosan-EGCG conjugates could be employed as alternative natural preservatives or additives for shelf-life extension of various foods.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".