Impacts of water temperature on the physiology and behaviours of the sea urchins <i>Heliocidaris crassispina</i> and <i>Mesocentrotus nudus</i> that reflect their range extension and disappearance in the Oga Peninsula, northern Honshu, Japan
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Ocean warming has facilitated the extension of Heliocidaris crassispina to Oga Peninsula, Japan, where the native species Mesocentrotus nudus has disappeared. To verify the temperature impacts on the physiology and behaviour of the two species, we reared small sea urchins at the increasing–decreasing temperature rate of 2.5 °C·week−1. The righting response, lantern reflex, gonad and gut carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) contents, and feeding rate were investigated. The high and low temperature limits of H. crassispina were 33.3 and 3.9 °C, respectively, which were higher than those of M. nudus. The optimal temperature ranges for behaviour and feeding in H. crassispina were 10.3–31.0 and 10.3–33.4 °C, respectively, which were higher than those in M. nudus. Feeding rates decreased significantly in both species when the temperature approached the high or low temperature limit, but the gut C and N contents of were not greatly affected. At 26–31 °C, the feeding rate significantly decreased in M. nudus but not in H. crassispina, which may explain the replacement of M. nudus by H. crassispina in the Oga Peninsula.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".