Morphological phylogeny and review of the generic classification of Colletinae (Hymenoptera: Colletidae)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract The bee subfamily Colletinae includes 542 species, the vast majority of which (518 spp.) belong to Colletes. The generic placement of the remaining 24 species has been controversial, resulting in several classifications being proposed. Despite several recently published molecular phylogenies of Colletinae, it remains unknown (1) what morphological synapomorphies support the recognized genera, (2) in which direction some relevant functional traits (e.g. basitibial plate) have evolved and (3) whether morphology supports the available molecular data. Herein, we provide a morphological phylogeny of Colletinae, which was constructed through parsimony analyses of 186 characters. In total, 50 ingroup species were included representing all major lineages of Colletes (29 spp.), plus all but three of the non-Colletes species of Colletinae (21 spp.). Trees were estimated through equal weights and extended implied weighting. Both provide strong support for the monophyly of Colletinae and indicate that the subfamily is defined by four unique synapomorphies. Our results also confirm recent phylogenetic hypotheses showing that Colletinae can be subdivided into two major clades: one comprising the reciprocally monophyletic Mourecotelles and Xanthocotelles; the other includes Colletes plus Hemicotelles, which are also reciprocally monophyletic. We also provide a fully illustrated key to facilitate generic identification of the Colletinae.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.009 | 0.008 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".