Obstructive sleep apnea in older adults: Differential cognitive impairment moderated by sex?
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Background Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a risk factor for cognitive decline, but the effect of sex on this association is unknown. This study aims at characterizing the relationship between risk of OSA and cognitive function in older men and women. Method We included 152 women (73 ± 6 years) and 89 men (75 ± 6 years) matched for education, age and presence of APOE4 allele. They were part of the Quebec Consortium for Early Identification of Alzheimer’s Disease (CIMA‐Q) and were either cognitively healthy or had subjective cognitive decline or mild cognitive impairment. All participants were tested with a neuropsychological battery measuring cognitive domains typically affected by Alzheimer’s disease. Risk of OSA was determined using a validated questionnaire that considers signs and symptoms associated with OSA such as snoring (S), tiredness (T), observation of apneas (O), high blood pressure (P), high body mass index (B) and larger neck circumference (N), which provides a risk score (STOP‐BN). Multiple linear regressions were performed between STOP‐BN and cognitive scores in men and women separately. Result Higher risk of OSA, identified by a higher score on the STOP‐BN, is correlated with slower information processing speed (Stroop, condition 2) in women (β= 0,896, p = 0,006) and men (β= 0,954, p = 0,043). In men, higher risk of OSA correlated with worse performance in short (Digit symbol, incidental learning score: β = 0,982, p = 0,034) and long‐term memory (Face‐name associations, delayed recall: β = 0,318, p = 0,047). Conclusion Our results suggest that sex has a moderating effect on the association between OSA and cognitive function. An altered information processing speed has already been reported in apneic patients and does not necessarily reflect a risk of dementia. However, altered memory in men at higher risk of OSA needs to be investigated longitudinally to determine whether OSA could represent an early marker of cognitive decline.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".