A Two-Arm Archimedean Circularly Polarized Spiral Slot Antenna for IoT Devices in 5G Network
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The rapid development of fifth-generation (5G) wireless networks will lead to the wide-scale implementation of IoT devices. The main design objective for wireless battery-powered IoT sensors is power consumption and efficiency. In this work, a small size two-arm Archimedean spiral antenna is presented for IoT devices operating in high-frequency networks. An Archimedean circularly polarized spiral slot antenna is optimized for IoT devices using a low loss material. The radiation efficiency, antenna directivity, and the bandwidth have been improved in the 5G band by reducing the antenna size and using Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) as a dielectric layer. COMSOL Multiphysics tools are utilized to design and simulate the antenna at a high-frequency spectrum of 30-70 GHz. The simulation results indicate that the antenna has an insertion loss of -17 dB at 54 GHz and presents an Axial Ratio (AR) difference of 22 dB from 45-65 GHz. The voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) is less than 2 in the frequency range of 45-50 GHz with a radiation efficiency of 83%.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".