Improvements in memory and brain functional connectivity in older adults with subjective cognitive complaints following multiple‐modality exercise and mind‐motor training: An exploratory sub‐study
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Background Whether task‐based brain functional connectivity (FC) following exercise suggests adaptations in preferential brain regions is unclear. The objective of this study was to explore cognitive function and FC changes following multiple‐modality exercise and mind‐motor training in older adults with subjective cognitive complaints. Methods We included older adults (n=127, mean age 67.5 [7.3] years, 71% women) randomized to 45 minutes of multiple‐modality exercise with 15 minutes of mind‐motor training (M4 group, n = 63) or an active control group (M2 group, n = 64). Both groups exercised 60 minutes/day, 3 days/week, for 24 weeks. Participants completed twelve cognitive tasks from the Cambridge Brain Sciences (CBS) battery at baseline and follow‐up (memory, reasoning, concentration and planning tasks). A subsample of participants from the M4 group (n = 9, mean age 67.8 [8.8] years, 8 women) also underwent 5 minutes of continuous fMRI data collection while completing four CBS memory tasks. Behavioural data were analyzed using linear mixed models for repeated measures, and paired samples t‐test. All fMRI data were analyzed using group‐level independent component denoising and dual regression procedures, correcting for voxel‐wise comparisons. Results The M4 group showed greater improvements in the Paired Associates tasks compared to the M2 group at 24 weeks (mean difference: 0.47, 95% confidence interval: .08 to .86, p = 0.019). No other results were found to be significant. For our fMRI analysis, dual regression revealed significant decreased FC co‐activation in the right precentral/postcentral gyri after the exercise program during the Spatial Span task (corrected p = 0.008) with no change in the behavioural task performance. Only trends for changes in FC were found for the other tasks (all corrected p < 0.09). For the Paired Associates task, there was a trend for increased co‐activation in the right temporal lobe (Brodmann Area = 38, corrected p = 0.07), and left middle frontal temporal gyrus (corrected p = 0.06). Conclusions Our findings provide insight into the potential of our multiple‐modality exercise and mind‐motor training intervention to promote improvements in behavioural measures of visuospatial memory, as well as, impart FC adaptations in brain regions relevant to Alzheimer’s disease risk.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".