TGF-β Mediated Immune Evasion in Cancer—Spotlight on Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Various components of the tumor microenvironment (TME) play a critical role in promoting tumorigenesis, progression, and metastasis. One of the primary functions of the TME is to stimulate an immunosuppressive environment around the tumor through multiple mechanisms including the activation of the transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) signaling pathway. Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are key cells in the TME that regulate the secretion of extracellular matrix (ECM) components under the influence of TGF-β. Recent reports from our group and others have described an ECM-related and CAF-associated novel gene signature that can predict resistance to immune checkpoint blockade (ICB). Importantly, studies have begun to test whether targeting some of these CAF-associated components can be used as a combinatorial approach with ICB. This perspective summarizes recent advances in our understanding of CAF and TGF-β-regulated immunosuppressive mechanisms and ways to target such signaling in cancer.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".