Association between clinical and demographic factors on cerebral amyloid angiopathy and Alzheimer dementia
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Background Cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) is common in age‐related dementia. However, the relationships between severity of CAA and other demographic, and pathological factors are unclear. Therefore, we will examine them in this case series. Method We reviewed records of patients with dementia who underwent autopsy at the UBC Hospital Clinic for Alzheimer’s disease between 1994 and 2017 and selected cases in which CAA is identified with AD and compared them to cases with AD pathology only. We excluded cases with other coexisting pathologies (i.e. Lewy Body, TDP‐43). CAA was evaluated with Congo Red stain and rated semi quantitatively. We examined a subset in which APOE genotype was also available. Relevant clinical and pathological characteristics were compared by chi‐square test, ANOVA and logistic regression. Result 225 cases (120 females) were included: 42 no CAA, 99 mild, 57 moderate, and 27 severe. APOE genotype was available in 70 cases (30 females). There was no significant association between sex (p = 0.316), and APOE genotypes (p = 0.799) with severity of CAA. History of dyslipidemia (p = 0.004), current alcohol intake (p = 0.016) and lower level of education (p = 0.001) were associated with greater severity of CAA. Episodic memory (p = 0.044) and visuospatial problems (p = 0.049) were significantly associated with increased severity of CAA. Diffuse and lobar atrophy (p = 0.013) and ventricular dilatation (p = 0.026) were more prominent in severe CAA cases. There was a positive correlation between deep nuclear atrophy (p < 0.001) and substantia nigra paleness (P = 0.013) with moderate CAA. There were also significant associations between severity of CAA with frequency of the microscopic hemorrhage (p < 0.001), lacunar infarcts (p = 0.011), and arteriosclerosis (p = 0.003). Conclusion Greater severity of CAA is associated with certain clinical and pathological factors including dyslipidemia, alcohol intake, lower education, and presence of lacunar infarcts. Sex and APOE genotype do not appear to have any significant influence on the severity of CAA in AD. Further studies will help to confirm these potential modifiable risk factors for CAA in AD.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".