Bibliographic record
Abstract
This article presented a method to reduce scaling problems associated with the use of brackish water in steam assisted gravity drainage (SAGD) operations. Vancouver-based BioteQ Environmental Technology Inc. has developed an ion exchange process known as Sulf-IX, which can remove silica and sulphate from both SAGD-produced water and shale gas frac water. It has also developed a method that oilsand miners can use to selectively recover metals from contaminated water using established BioSulphide or ChemSulphide technologies. The recovered metals can then be sold to generate revenue. Although each of the two technologies' plants have very large footprints, they treat very large volumes of water. The two-stage Sulf-IX ion exchange process removes sulphates to very low levels using chemical resins that remove calcium, magnesium and sulphate ions from water. The process first loads calcium and magnesium cations onto a cation resin, and then uses anion resin to remove sulphate. The resins are regenerated using sulphuric acid and lime. The outputs from the process are a solid gypsum byproduct and clean water. BioteQ's process to precipitate metals dissolved in water exceeds the stringent environmental requirements at Xstrata plc's Raglan nickel mine in northern Quebec. Depending on the site, the dissolved metals that can be removed with BioteQ's processes include aluminum, antimony, arsenic, barium, cadmium, copper, cobalt, iron, lead, manganese, mercury, molybdenum, nickel, rhenium, selenium, strontium and zinc. Some of these metals are recovered because they have value, while others are removed because they are toxic. The difference between BioSulphide and ChemSulphide is the source of the sulphide. In the BioSulphide process, the sulphide is generated biologically in an anaerobic bioreactor in which bacteria generate hydrogen sulphide gas. A chemical source of sulphide, generally sodium hydrosulphide (NaHS), is used for the ChemSulphide. The rest of the chemical reaction to recover the metals from the water is the same. BioteQ's water treatment solutions have received numerous awards and the company has built 10 customized commercial metal-removal plants in Canada, the United States, Mexico, Australia and China. 1 ref., 2 figs.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.008 | 0.008 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.003 | 0.004 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.006 | 0.013 |
| Open science | 0.003 | 0.005 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.005 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.015 | 0.006 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".