A Two-Electron Bispyridinylidene Anolyte for Non-Aqueous Organic Redox Flow Batteries
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Bispyridinylidenes (BPYs) are promising anolyte materials for organic redox flow batteries owing to their low potential, reversible two-electron oxidation and low molecular weight; however, a recent study suggested that without appropriate substitution, these compounds are inherently unsuitable for this application owing to an apparent chemical reaction between the neutral and dicationic redox partners. It is now demonstrated that the electrolyte itself is key to their stability. In a dimethylformamide-based electrolyte, both BPY charge states (0/2 + ) exhibit complete compatibility, long lifetime, and excellent solubility (1.18 M, corresponding to a high capacity of 63 Ah l −1 ). In symmetric cell testing, capacities of up to 100% of the theoretical value and coulombic efficiencies above 98% were achieved, though cell lifetimes with cycling were less than those of the individual BPY redox partners alone in the electrolyte. Considering the tuneability of BPY properties by structural modification, these results should promote further development of this exciting and unique class of materials for energy storage.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".