The association between ambient air pollution and cognitive impairment in community‐dwelling older adults: Six‐year cohort study TIGER
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Background Ambient air pollution exposure has been related to cognitive impairment. Several studies have started to explore the association of particulate matter and nitrogen oxides with cognitive impairment, studies evaluated the effect of long‐term exposure to ozone(O3), carbon monoxide (CO) and sulfur dioxide (SO2) are sparse. Method This study is part of the ongoing Taiwan Initiative for Geriatric Epidemiological Research (TIGER). A total of 605 participants (Age 65+) were recruited from a teaching hospital in northern Taiwan in 2011 and followed up biennially. After exclusion and loss to follow‐up over 6 years, a total of 292 participants were included for analyses. Global cognition was assessed by Montreal Cognitive Assessment‐Taiwanese version; domain‐specific cognition (logical memory, attention, verbal fluency, and executive function) were assessed by a battery of neuropsychological tests. The data of three air pollutants (O3, CO and SO2) were obtained from 27 monitor stations of Taiwan Environmental Protection Administration (EPA) between 1993 and 2010. Air pollutants were tertiled into low, moderate, and high levels. Spatial‐Time Analysis Rendering with Bayesian Maximum Entropy was utilized to establish the spatial‐temporal model. Logistic regression model was utilized to assess the association of exposure to air pollutants and global or domain‐specific cognition over 6 years adjusting for important covariates. Result The 17‐year average level was 39.40ppb for 8‐hour O3, 1.47ppm for 8‐hour CO, and 4.70ppb for daily SO2, which were below the EPA standards. Exposure to high‐level O3 (>40.83 ppb) was associated with poor executive function [adjusted odds ratio (aOR)=2.14, 95% confidence interval (CI)=1.05‐4.35] compared with low‐level O3. No significant association was observed between O3 or CO and global cognition or other cognitive domains. SO2 were not associated with cognitive function over 6 years. Conclusion Long‐term (17 years) exposure to O3, CO and SO2 lower than the EPA standards showed significant association with cognitive domains in a 6‐year cohort of community‐dwelling older adults. Future revisions of air standards may need to consider epidemiologic studies exploring the relation between exposure to these air pollutants and cognitive impairment.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".