Nanoscale Dust Production at 1 Au; Identification and Tracking with 12 Spacecraft
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Interplanetary Field Enhancements are phenomena in the interplanetary magnetic field, first discovered near Venus, during an extremely long duration (12 hours) and large size (about 0.1 AU) passage across the Pioneer Venus spacecraft. Three and a half hours later and 21 x 106 km farther from the Sun, this structure, somewhat weaker and off to the side of the expected radial path of any solar initiated disturbance, was seen by first Venera 13 and then Venera 14, trailing behind V13. Since this discovery, many smaller such disturbances have been observed and attributed to collisions of small rocks in space at speeds of about 20 km/s at 1 AU and faster, closer to the Sun. All sightings with magnetometers and other space plasma instruments give very precise measurements of the radial structure (of usually the magnetic field), but the scale transverse to the solar radius is poorly defined, as is the temporal evolution of the structure from single spacecraft data. On January 16, 2018, near Earth, 12 spacecraft equipped with plasma spectrometers and magnetometers observed the passage of a single Interplanetary Field Enhancement. The magnetic field profiles at the four 1 AU spacecraft were very similar. The profiles were obtained at different times appropriate to their locations. The 4 Cluster spacecraft were closer to the Earth and in a region in which the solar wind had slowed down because of the Earth’s bow wave (shock) in the solar wind. The disturbance in the shocked solar wind occurred at the time expected if the IFE structure had not been slowed by the plasma, but rather had proceeded with the momentum it had prior to the shock crossing. If the disturbance causing particles are small bits of rock (not protons), then they should have kept most of their momentum in crossing the bow shock. We view this as a complete test of the dust producing collisional origin of these Interplanetary Field Enhancements, and a clear demonstration of how the solar wind clears out the dust in the inner solar system produced by the continuing destructive collisional process.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".