The decrease in agricultural protection after the Uruguay round : the case of the European Union, Canada and the United States [La baisse de la protection douanière dans l'Uruguay round : le cas de l'agriculture dans l'Union européenne, au Canada et aux Etats-Unis]
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A l'issue de la signature de l'accord de l'Uruguay round, la mesure dont on attendait l'impact le plus tangible etait la clause relative a l'acces au marche. Les pays signataires s'etaient engages a convertir les barrieres non tarifaire en droits de douane et a reduire l'ensemble des droits de 36% en moyenne arithmetique avant l'an 2000 dans le secteur agro-alimentaire. Or, les effets effectifs sur le commerce international restent incertains du fait des dispositions techniques adoptees par les differents pays qui ont reduit la portee de cette clause. A l'aide d'indicateurs de restriction des echanges (Trade restrictiveness index ou TRI et Mercantilistic TRI) est evalue l'impact sur le bien-etre et sur le volume des echanges qu'a cette reduction, en tenant compte de l'allocation des baisses des droits de douane entre produits, telle qu'elle a ete pratiquee par l'Union europeenne, les Etats-Unis et le Canada. Sont egalement compares les resultats obtenus a l'issue de l'Uruguay round avec ceux qu'auraient permis d'atteindre deux autres processus de reduction des droits, a savoir la formule suisse qui reduit la dispersion des droits de douane et une reduction uniforme qui laisse cette dispersion inchangee.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".