Confinement Properties of GFRP-Reinforced Concrete Circular Columns under Simulated Seismic Loading
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Columns in earthquake-resistant reinforced concrete (RC) structures need to be adequately confined to provide satisfactory levels of stability and deformability. In circular RC columns, confinement can be provided by spirals or hoops. This paper presents an investigation of the glass fiber-reinforced polymer (GFRP) confinement reinforcement requirements in columns of moment-resisting frames. Six full-scale circular RC columns were tested under simultaneous axial loading and unidirectional cyclic lateral drift reversals. The studied parameters were longitudinal reinforcement type, transverse reinforcement shape and pitch, and axial load level. Test results indicated that the maximum spiral pitch of one-fourth the gross diameter of the column as per the Canadian code for FRP-RC structures was reasonable and sufficiently conservative. In addition, GFRP circular hoops require larger lap splice length than that specified by the Canadian Highway Bridge Design Code to provide comparable confinement to GFRP spirals. The experimental results were estimated by a simplified method based on available confinement models, codes and guidelines for FRP-RC structures. It is recommended to consider the compressive strength of GFRP longitudinal bars with a compressive strain limit of 0.002 in circular GFRP-RC columns.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".