Investigating the effect of pretreatment with azithromycin on inflammatory mediators in bronchial epithelial cells exposed to cigarette smoke
Why this work is in the frame
A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Purpose of the study: Macrolide therapy is effective in reducing chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) exacerbations. Our recent study has shown the effectiveness of taking azithromycin in COPD patients, not only ex-smokers but also current smokers. Beyond their anti-microbial effects, macrolides have anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties. The aim of this study was to determine if pretreatment with azithromycin modulates cigarette smoke-induced inflammation in airway epithelial cells. We hypothesized that pretreatment with azithromycin decreases exacerbation frequency by modulating inflammation in human airway epithelial cells exposed to cigarette smoke.Materials and methods: BEAS-2B bronchial epithelial cells were incubated with 5% cigarette smoke extract (CSE) for 3 h, 6 h, and 24 h. Then, airway epithelial cells were pretreated with azithromycin and exposed to 5% CSE. In each stage, the expression and release of IL-6 and IL-8 mRNA were analyzed by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), respectively.Results: There was a significant increase of IL-6 and IL-8 mRNA, as well as an increase in extracellular IL-8 protein following exposure to 5% CSE. When cells were pretreated with azithromycin and exposed to 5% CSE for 3 h, there was a significant dose-dependent decrease in the expression of IL-6 mRNA. A final concentration of 9 µg/mL of azithromycin was sufficient to decrease IL-6, IL-8 mRNA, and extracellular IL-8 levels.Conclusion: Pretreatment with azithromycin decreased the expression of IL-6 and IL-8 mRNA and the release of IL-8 in bronchial epithelial cells exposed to cigarette smoke. These results demonstrate the direct effect of azithromycin on inflammatory mediators in bronchial epithelial cells exposed to cigarette smoke.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it