Three-dimensional architecture of the great toe muscles: functional implications in hallux valgus
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Objectives: Imbalance of great toe musculature has been identified as a factor in the development of hallux valgus. The musculoaponeurotic architecture, an important determinant of function, has not been investigated volumetrically in the great toe musculature. The purpose of this study was to reconstruct the abductor halluces (ABDH), adductor halluces (ADH), flexor hallucis brevis medial (FHBM) and lateral (FHBL) heads volumetrically and to quantify and compare their architectural parameters and functional characteristics. Methods: Ten formalin-embalmed specimens were dissected, digitized and modelled (Autodesk Maya®). Fiber bundle length (FBL) and physiological cross-sectional area (PCSA) of the muscles were compared using descriptive and parametric statistics. Results: The spatial arrangement of aponeuroses (AP) / fiber bundles (FB) and architectural parameters varied throughout the volume of each muscle. The PCSA of the medial (ABDH/FHBM) and lateral (ADH/FHBL) musculature was similar; however, the medial musculature had significantly greater mean FBL. Conclusion: Each muscle had varying AP/FB arrangement. The similar PCSA of the medial and lateral musculature suggests that their relative force generating capabilities are balanced in asymptomatic individuals.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".