A Kinetic Study on the Degradation of Acetaminophen and Amoxicillin in Water by Ultrasound
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract This paper presents a study of the conversion pathway of acetaminophen (APAP) and amoxicillin (AMO) in water by ultrasound as a single degradation method. Results showed that the sonication power output, continuous vs. pulsed ultrasound and starting concentration, result in different conversion pathways, as well as the simultaneous presence of the two molecules reduces the degradation yield. Hydroquinone and hydroxyl‐hydroquinone were detected as acetaminophen by‐products, while amoxicillin degraded into four main products. Accordingly, we proposed a conversion pathway mechanism and we finally regressed the amoxicillin conversion kinetics as a function of the ultrasonic power. APAP was more resistant to continuous sonication either at low (25 ppm) or high (100 ppm) starting concentration. On the contrary, ultrasound was able to convert AMO up to 56 % starting from a concentration of 25 ppm. We ascribed this behavior to the presence of a higher number of hydroxyl groups present in the molecule compared to APAP. Moreover, when ultrasound were applied in pulses, it resulted in an energy saving of more than 50 % for a 2 % lower AMO conversion.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".