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LeptonInjector and LeptonWeighter: A neutrino event generator and weighter for neutrino observatories
M. Ackermann, J. Adams, J. A. Aguilar, M. Ahlers, M. Ahrens, Cyril Martin Alispach, A. A. Alves, N. M. Amin, R. An, K. Andeen, T. Anderson, I. Ansseau, G. Anton, C. Argüelles, Spencer Axani, X. Bai, Aswathi Balagopal, Anastasia Maria Barbano, S. W. Barwick, Benjamin Bastian, Vedant Basu, V. Baum, S. Baur, R. Bay, J. J. Beatty, K. Becker, J. Becker Tjus, Chiara Bellenghi, S. BenZvi, D. Berley, E. Bernardini, D. Besson, G. Binder, D. Bindig, E. Blaufuss, Summer Blot, S. Böser, O. Botner, J. Böttcher, Etienne Bourbeau, J. Bourbeau, Federica Bradascio, J. Braun, S. Bron, Jannes Brostean-Kaiser, A. Burgman, Raffaela Busse, Michael Campana, C. Chen, D. Chirkin, S. Choi, Brian Clark, K. Clark, Lew Classen, Alan Coleman, G. H. Collin, J. M. Conrad, Paul Coppin, Pablo Correa, D. F. Cowen, R. Cross, Pranav Dave, C. De Clercq, James DeLaunay, H.-P. Dembinski, Kunal Deoskar, S. De Ridder, Abhishek Desai, P. Desiati, K. D. de Vries, G. de Wasseige, M. de With, T. DeYoung, Sukeerthi Dharani, A. Diaz, J. C. Díaz–Vélez, Hrvoje Dujmović, M. Dunkman, M. A. DuVernois, Emily Dvorak, Thomas Ehrhardt, P. Eller, R. Engel, John Evans, P. A. Evenson, S. Fahey, A. R. Fazely, Sebastian Fiedlschuster, Aaron Fienberg, K. Filimonov, C. Finley, Leander Fischer, D. B. Fox, A. Franckowiak, Edward Friedman, Alexander Fritz, Philipp Fürst, T. K. Gaisser, J. S. Gallagher, Erik Ganster, S. Garrappa, L. Gerhardt, Christian Gläser, Theo Glauch, T. Glüsenkamp, A. Goldschmidt, J. G. González, Sreetama Goswami, D. Grant, T. Grégoire, Z. Griffith, Spencer Griswold, Mehmet Gündüz, Christian Haack, A. Hallgren, R. Halliday, L. Halve, F. Halzen, Martin Ha Minh, K. Hanson, John Hardin, Alexander Harnisch, A. Haungs, Simon Hauser, D. Hebecker, K. Helbing, Felix Henningsen, Emma C. Hettinger, S. Hickford, J. Hignight, Colton Hill, G. C. Hill, K. D. Hoffman, R. Hoffmann, Tobias Hoinka, Benjamin Hokanson-Fasig, K. Hoshina, F. Huang, M. E. Huber, Thomas Huber, K. Hultqvist, Mirco Hünnefeld, Raamis Hussain, S. In, N. Iovine, A. Ishihara, Matti Jansson, G. S. Japaridze, Minjin Jeong, B. J. P. Jones, R. Joppe, Donghwa Kang, Woosik Kang, X. Kang, A. Kappes, David Kappesser, T. Karg, Martina Karl, A. Karle, U. Katz, M. Kauer, Moritz Kellermann, J. L. Kelley, Ali Kheirandish, J. Kim, Ken'ichi Kin, T. Kintscher, J. Kiryluk, Ramesh Koirala, H. Kolanoski, L. Köpke, Claudio Kopper, S. Kopper, D. J. Koskinen, Paras Koundal, Michael Kovacevich, M. Kowalski, K. Krings, G. Krückl, N. Kurahashi, A. Kyriacou, Cristina Lagunas Gualda, J. L. Lanfranchi, M. J. Larson, Frederik Hermann Lauber, Jeffrey Lazar, Agnieszka Leszczyńska, Yunhao Li, Qinrui Liu, Elisa Lohfink, L. Lu, Francesco Lucarelli, Andrew Ludwig, William Luszczak, W. Y., J. Madsen, K. B. M. Mahn, Yuya Makino, P. Mallik, Sarah Mancina, Ioana Codrina Mariş, R. Maruyama, K. Mase, Frank McNally, K. Meagher, Andrés Medina, Maximilian Meier, S. Meighen-Berger, J. Merz, Jessie Micallef, D. Mockler, G. Momenté, T. Montaruli, R. W. Moore, R. Morse, Marjon Moulai, Richard Naab, R. Nagai, Uwe Naumann, Jannis Necker, Le Viet Nguyen, Hans Niederhausen, M. U. Nisa, Sarah Nowicki, D. R. Nygren, A. Obertacke Pollmann, M. Oehler, A. Olivas, Erin O’Sullivan, Hershal Pandya, D. V. Pankova, N. Park, Grant Parker, Ek Narayan Paudel, P. Peiffer, C. Pérez de los Heros, Saskia Philippen, D. Pieloth, Sarah Pieper, A. Pizzuto, M. Plum, Yuriy Popovych, Alessio Porcelli, Maria Prado Rodriguez, P. B. Price, B. Pries, G. T. Przybylski, Christoph Raab, Amirreza Raissi, M. Rameez, K. Rawlins, I. C. Rea, Abdul Rehman, R. Reimann, M. Renschler, Giovanni Renzi, E. Resconi, Simeon Reusch, W. Rhode, M. Richman, Benedikt Riedel, S. Robertson, Gerrit Roellinghoff, Martin Rongen, C. Rott, T. Ruhe, D. Ryckbosch, Devyn Rysewyk Cantu, I. Safa, S. E. Sanchez Herrera, Alexander Sandrock, J. Sandroos, M. Santander, Sourav Sarkar, K. Satalecka, Maximilian Karl Scharf, Merlin Schaufel, H. Schieler, P. Schlunder, T. Schmidt, A. Schneider, Judith Schneider, Frank Schröder, L. Schumacher, S. Sclafani, D. Seckel, S. Seunarine, Ankur Sharma, S. Shefali, M. Silva, Barbara Skrzypek, B. Smithers, R. Snihur, Jan Soedingrekso, Dennis Soldin, G. M. Spiczak, C. Spiering, Juliana Stachurska, M. Stamatikos, Todor Stanev, Robert Stein, J. Stettner, A. Steuer, T. Stezelberger, R. G. Stokstad, Thomas Stuttard, G. W. Sullivan, I. Taboada, F. Tenholt, S. Ter–Antonyan, S. Tilav, Franziska Tischbein, Kirsten Tollefson, Lenka Tomankova, Christoph Tönnis, S. Toscano, D. Tosi, Alexander Trettin, M. Tselengidou, C. F. Tung, A. Turcati, Roxanne Turcotte, Colin Turley, Jean Pierre Twagirayezu, B. Ty, Martin Unland Elorrieta, Nora Valtonen-Mattila, J. Vandenbroucke, D. van Eijk, N. van Eijndhoven, D. Vannerom, J. V. Santen, Stef Verpoest, M. Vraeghe, C. Walck, A. Wallace, Timothyblake Watson, Ch. Weaver, A. Weindl, Matthew J. Weiss, Jan Weldert, Chris Wendt, Johannes Werthebach, Mark Weyrauch, B. J. Whelan, N. Whitehorn, K. Wiebe, C. H. Wiebusch, D. R. Williams, M. Wolf, K. Woschnagg, Gerrit Wrede, Johan Wilfried Wulff, Xiaolin Xu, Y. Xu, S. Yoshida, Tianlu Yuan, Z. Zhang
Bibliographic record
VenueComputer Physics Communications · 2021
Typearticle
Languageen
FieldPhysics and Astronomy
TopicAstrophysics and Cosmic Phenomena
Canadian institutionsSnolabUniversity of Alberta
FundersJapan Society for the Promotion of ScienceDeutsches Elektronen-SynchrotronScience and Technology Facilities CouncilNatural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of CanadaOffice of Polar ProgramsCollege of Engineering, Michigan State UniversityDivision of PhysicsHelmholtz Alliance for Astroparticle PhysicsHelmholtz AssociationChiba UniversityInstitute for Global Prominent Research, Chiba UniversityRWTH Aachen UniversityKnut och Alice Wallenbergs StiftelseVillum FondenNational Research Foundation of KoreaMarsden FundBundesministerium für Bildung und ForschungDanmarks GrundforskningsfondSchweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen ForschungNational Science FoundationUK Research and InnovationBelgian Federal Science Policy OfficeDeutsche ForschungsgemeinschaftUniversity of OxfordFonds Wetenschappelijk OnderzoekMarquette UniversityCanada Foundation for InnovationAustralian Research CouncilWestern Canada Research GridFonds De La Recherche Scientifique - FNRSPolarforskningssekretariatetWisconsin Alumni Research FoundationCompute CanadaVetenskapsrådetU.S. Department of EnergyUniversity of Wisconsin-MadisonNational Research FoundationMichigan State UniversityCarlsbergfondet
KeywordsNeutrinoEvent (particle physics)Event generatorParticle physicsPhysicsGenerator (circuit theory)Neutrino oscillationNuclear physicsAstrophysicsHadron
Abstract
No abstract in any covered source. Its absence is recorded, not treated as a negative.
No abstract. This is not a gap in this database; OpenAlex has none either. 23.3% of the frame is in this state, and the screen finds HALF as much metaresearch here, so the absence is a measured bias rather than a missing field.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
metaresearch head score (Codex)0.002
metaresearch head score (Gemma)0.006
Version: metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061cValidation status: machine_predicted_unvalidated
Candidate categoriesnone
Consensus categoriesnone
DomainCandidate signal: none · Consensus signal: none
Study designCandidate signal: Simulation or modeling · Consensus signal: none
GenreCandidate signal: Software · Consensus signal: none
Teacher disagreement score0.028
Threshold uncertainty score0.094
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.006 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.028 | 0.007 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
Opus teacher head0.025
GPT teacher head0.254
Teacher spread0.229 · how far apart the two teachers sit on this one work
Validation status
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
The models applied no category: nothing in the taxonomy fit this work.
Study designSimulation or modeling
Domainnot available
GenreSoftware
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".
Quick stats
Citations24
Published2021
Admission routes2
Has abstractno