Multiparametric in vivo ultrasound shear wave viscoelastography on farm-raised fatty duck livers: human radiology imaging applied to food sciences
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Nine mulard ducks that were being raised for foie gras (steatosis) production went through in vivo shear wave (SW) elastography imaging of their liver during the force-feeding period to investigate changes in liver tissue characteristics. A total of 4 imaging sessions at an interval of 3 to 4 d were conducted at the farm on each animal. Three ducks were sacrificed at the second, third, and fourth imaging sessions for histopathology analysis of all animals at these time points. Six SW elastography parameters were evaluated: SW speed, SW attenuation, SW dispersion, Young's modulus, viscosity, and shear modulus. Shear waves of different frequencies propagate with different phase velocities. Thus, SW speed and other dependent parameters such as Young's modulus, viscosity, and shear modulus were computed at 2 frequencies: 75 and 202 Hz. Each parameter depicted a statistically significant trend along the force-feeding process (P-values between 0.001 and 0.0001). The fat fraction of the liver increased over the 12-day period of feeding. All parameters increased monotonically over time at 75 Hz, whereas modal relations were seen at 202 Hz. Shear wave dispersion measured between 75 and 202 Hz depicted a plateau from day 5. Based on this validation, proposed imaging methods are aimed to be used in the future on naturally fed ducks and geese.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.010 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".