(Invited) Redox-Active Electrolyte Capacitors Based on Modified Ionic Liquids
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The use of redox-active species is a very powerful approach to increase the energy density of electrochemical capacitors via the contribution of faradaic charge storage. The redox centers selected for this purpose must provide rapid electron transfer reactions to maintain high charge and discharge rates and be stable in both oxidation states to ensure long cycle life. Transition metal complexes such as ferrocene fulfill these requirements and their electrochemistry is well studied. However, the efficient incorporation of such redox centers in the capacitor is not necessarily straightforward. The dissolution of electroactive compounds is the electrolyte is a simple approach but is strongly dependent on the compound’s solubility. The adsorption of the redox center on the surface of activated carbon may provide a high local concentration but for a limited number of cycles due to gradual losses in the electrolyte. Finally, the covalent binding of redox centers on carbon may restrict the access to micropores, thereby decreasing the double-layer charging. Our approach to overcome these limitations and provide an efficient utilization of redox-active centers in electrochemical capacitors is to rely on ionic liquids (ILs) structures modified with a redox center. As such, ILs are viewed here as a vehicle for the redox center. Because imidazolium and triflimide structures are very stable, highly miscible in several polar organic solvent and easy to modify, they have been selected to bear ferrocene electroactive groups. The structure of such redox-active ionic liquids (RAIL) are shown in Fig. 1. This contribution will show an overview of the properties of redox-active ionic liquids for energy storage in electrochemical capacitors, how they can be efficiently applied in these devices and, importantly, how they can represent an advantage over the more limited off-the-shelf ionic liquids. Figure 1
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".