Interaction force between coal and Na-, K- and Ca- montmorillonite 001 surfaces in aqueous solutions
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In coal beneficiation, the clean coal would be easily contaminated with the super fine montmorillonite particles coating on it. This interaction between coal (hydrophobic) and montmorillonite (hydrophilic) surfaces is the interactions between the asymmetric systems. Previous studies detected the force between the montmorillonite and graphite or between the montmorillonite mounted tip and coal substrate to represent the interactions between 001 surface and coal. However, there is still lack of experimental direct measurement on the interaction between montmorillonite 001 surface and coal macerals. In this study, proposes methods for determinine the interactions between coal macerals and 001 surface of Na-, K- and Ca- montmorillonite directly by using an atomic force microscope (AFM). The results indicate that the 001 surface of Na- and Ca- montmorillonite served as the chaotropic and kosmotropic surface when it is adjacent to coal surfaces, with an attractive force and repulsive force occurring between them, respectively. The 001 surface of K-montmorillonite served as the chaotropic surface and kosmotropic surface while it is close to liptinite and inertinite, respectively. This chaotropic or kosmotropic property of the surface is determined by the coordination number of the cations and wettability of the hydrophobic surface simultaneously.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".