Frequency of Occult Hepatitis B in Pregnant Women Attending Antenatal Care Unit of a Tertiary Care Hospital
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Introduction: Occult infections (OBIs) caused by hepatitis B virus (HBV) are detected by the presence of HBV DNA without surface antigens. The prevalence of HBsAg in general population of Pakistan is around 3%, but there is no data regarding the occurrence of OBIs. Aims & Objectives: The goal of this research was to assess the frequency of occult hepatitis B infection in pregnant females presenting to antenatal care unit of Shaikh Zayed Hospital, Lahore. Place and duration of study: These samples were handled at the Microbiology Department of Shaikh Zayed Hospital, Lahore. The duration of study was one year after the approval of synopsis. Material & Methods: Four hundred and sixty three pregnant women were included in this research. Serum was separated from their blood samples. HBsAg, Anti-HBcand Anti-HBs tests were performed using the ELISA technique on all the samples. Real time PCR was performed to find HBV DNA. Results: The frequency of occult hepatitis B was < 0.25 in this research. Among the 463 women tested during pregnancy, hepatitis B surface antigen was positive in 2 (0.4%) women. These two were excluded from the study. Out of 461 samples, hepatitis B surface antibody was positive in 61 (13.2%) samples and they were negative for hepatitis B core antibody. These 61 samples were also omitted from the research. 25 (5%) samples were positive for both Anti-HBc and Anti-HBs. 11 samples (2%) were Anti-HBc positive and Anti-HBs negative. In 364 (79%) samples, both Anti-HBs and Anti-HBc were absent. Polymerase Chain Reaction was performed on 400 samples. Conclusion: The frequency of occult hepatitis B is very low < 0.25% in pregnant women. It is not recommended to routinely screen pregnant women for hepatitis B virus DNA.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".