Groundwater nitrogen and chloride following closure of an earthen manure storage in southern Alberta
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Earthen manure storage (EMS) facilities no longer in operation present a risk to the environment, and there is limited guidance to support the planning and implementation of EMS closures. A combined dairy and feedlot in southern Alberta, Canada, had an EMS in operation for about 55 yr. The dairy portion ceased operation in 2015, and the EMS was emptied; however, no specific steps for permanent closure to minimize possible contamination were followed. The objective of this study was to document changes in shallow groundwater quality following an EMS closure. This EMS was already instrumented to assess its effect on the groundwater quality as part of a long‐term study prior to closure. Eight groundwater monitoring wells were installed 2–38 m from the EMS in up‐ and downgradient positions in 2010 and 2011. Groundwater samples were collected about three times annually prior to and for 4 yr after the EMS closure and were analyzed for NO 3 –N, NH 3 –N, and Cl − . Wells screened at more than 8 m deep were not affected by the EMS prior to or after closure. However, in shallower wells, groundwater NO 3 –N concentration increased to a maximum 3 yr after closure (in 2018) and then decreased afterward. In a shallow well 40 m downgradient from the EMS, the NO 3 –N concentrations decreased from 31 mg L −1 in 2015 to 5 mg L −1 in 2019, and the Cl − concentration decreased from 64 to 53 mg L −1 , suggesting the contamination plume had dispersed. However, the EMS was still a source of contamination because high concentrations of NO 3 –N (0.05–40 mg L −1 ) and Cl − (43–862 mg L −1 ) were present in wells adjacent to the EMS 4 yr after closure.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".