Actinium-225 production with an electron accelerator
Bibliographic record
Abstract
There has been growing clinical evidence of the value of targeted alpha therapy for the treatment of several cancers. The work has been slowed by the lack of availability of the key alpha emitting isotopes, especially Ac-225. It can be produced by photonuclear reaction, Ra-226(γ,n)Ra-225. The Ra-225 decays via beta-decay to Ac-225 with a half-life of 14.9 days. This paper will provide a technical description of radium targets and a target chamber that would be capable of producing a yield of about 148 GBq (4 Ci) of Ra-225 from a 10-day irradiation of 1 g of radium segmented into two to four separate encapsulated targets at a beam power of 20 kW. These targets could be milked at least three times, yielding nearly 148 GBq (4 Ci) of Ac-225. There is also a description of a method to reduce the activity of co-produced Ac-227 to values less than a few parts per million of the activity of Ac-225. The Monte Carlo code Fluka has been used to model the yields of Ra-225 and support the design concept to reduce the production of Ac-227. It has also been used to model the experimental results by Maslov et al. [Radiochemistry 48(2), 195–197 (2006)] to provide reasonable confidence in the cross section value used by the code.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".