Field-scale biopiles for remediation of sulfolane-contaminated soil
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Sulfolane is an organosulfur solvent, which has been widely used to remove acid components from sour natural gas. In recent years, it has been detected in soil and groundwater near gas-processing plants in North America, becoming a potential threat to ecosystems and human health. Previous bench-scale studies have shown that aerobic degradation is a promising method for treating sulfolane in contaminated soil. In this study, field-scale aerobic biopile technologies were evaluated to treat sulfolane-contaminated soil in western Alberta, Canada. Six field-scale (25–300 m3) soil biopiles with different nutrient and aeration conditions were constructed on the sulfolane-contaminated site. The sulfolane concentration, carbon dioxide (CO2)/oxygen (O2) level and moisture content in the soil piles were monitored throughout the remediation period. The results indicated that sulfolane can be degraded slowly in the soil biopiles without nutrient addition and aeration. The soil biopiles with nutrient addition and aeration yielded the best performance in degrading sulfolane with a rate of 42 (mg/kg)/day. It is concluded that soil biopiles is an effective technology to remediate sulfolane-contaminated soil under field conditions.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".