Bibliographic record
Abstract
hroughout history, Jewish and Indigenous people in Canada have faced copious amounts of discrimination, intimidation, and cruel treatment based on their racial and cultural identities.Remnants of lies and stereotypes originating back in the fourth century about Jews have persisted, playing a role in the Holocaust, as well as present-day antisemitism.Indigenous people have been consistently mistreated and considered secondclass citizens by the Canadian government for years, particularly indicated by the implementation of residential schools.Consequently, trauma plagues their community to this day.Both minority groups of people are faced with the lingering consequences of the horrendous events which their ancestors were subjected to, as well as present-day racism and bigotry.Jewish people have been subjected to antisemitism and persecution repeatedly, with many attempts made to destroy the Jews.Why the Jews explains the depth and consistency of antisemitism."In most societies in which Jews have lived, they have at some time been subjected to beatings, torture, and murder solely because they were Jews" (Prager and Telushkin 2016, 26).Jews were often disliked on the basis that they upheld their own customs and traditions, which prevented them from fully integrating into whichever society they were a part of.However, in the case of early Christianity, the presence of Jews posed a different problem than non-conformity.The Jewish people rejected Jesus' claim to be the Messiah, and the Jews were G-d's chosen people, so "if Judaism remained valid, [the founders of Christianity] believed, then Christianity was invalid" (Prager and Telushkin 2016, 117).The depiction that the Jews killed Jesus is one of the accusations that came from the early church's efforts to invalidate the Jewish people, a charge that "gave legitimacy to the brutalizing of Jews for more than 1,500 years in Christian Europe" (118).The depiction of Jews as "Christ-killers" and the associations between the Jews and the Devil led to even more antisemitic libels, which prevailed and hurt Jews for centuries to come.In the Middle Ages, to many Christians, Jews were considered the devil's children, and thus not actually human beings (Prager and Telushkin 2016, 121).This dehumanizing accusation led to absurd anti-Jewish libels, where the Jews were said to perform ritual murder, poison Christians, as well as "host desecration", which represented the death of Christ.These three libels resulted in the persecution of Jews in Europe and paved the way for antisemitism in Christianity.Though Christian antisemitism is not directly the cause of the Holocaust, it played a role in allowing it to occur.Prager and Telushkin note, "…the Christian worlds dehumanized the Jew, ultimately helping lay the groundwork for the Holocaust" (Prager and Telushkin 2016, 133).Libels and rumors concerning the Jewish people have not ceased to exist but have morphed into modern day stereotypes and conspiracy theories.A recent example is the influence of the notoriously antisemitic Louis Farrakhan, who gave a speech in which he calls the Jews "Satan", and deems Jewish people to be the "enemy of God" (Pink 2020).Many prominent athletes and entertainers attended Farrakhan's speech, and have since expressed their support for antisemitic conspiracy theories concerning the role of Jewish people in the media and banks in particular.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.026 | 0.026 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.007 | 0.004 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.007 |
| Research integrity | 0.003 | 0.007 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.011 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".