Frequency Multiplication Techniques for Sub-Harmonic Injection Locking of LC Oscillators and its Application to Phased-Array Architectures
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A frequency multiplication and phase steering technique that utilizes the injection locking phenomena of LC local oscillators (LO) is reported.The potential application of this technique to LO-path based phase-shifting in RF/millimeter-wave integrated phased-array architecture is proposed.Advantages and disadvantages of the proposed technique are discussed in reference to those of the recently reported architectures in the literature.A high-order harmonic synthesis approach is introduced at the core of the proposed frequency multiplication technique for which a mathematical formulation is provided to highlight the underlying principles and trade-offs.Architectural variations on the high-order harmonic synthesis approach are also introduced and contrasted.The proposed multiplication and phase steering techniques have been investigated and prototyped in a main stream 130-nm CMOS process.Simulation and measurement results of the prototype are provided to substantiate the proposed techniques.Measurement results include output phase noise performance of -115 and -107.17dBc/Hz, maximum phase shift errors of 2.35 • and 2.1 • after calibration, extracted peak-to-null ratios of > 28 dB and current consumptions of 26.8 mA and 30.3 mA at 18.31 GHz and 21.51 GHz, respectively.ii He that spared not his own Son, but delivered him up for us all, how shall he not with him also freely give us all things?(Romans 8:32) iii Acknowledgement I would like to thank my friends and colleagues who contributed to the completion of this work.First and for most, I wish to thank Professor Ralph Mason not only for giving me the opportunity to pursue my academic studies in a field that I have always been interested in, but also for his patience, guidance and support throughout the entire
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".