Large Igneous Provinces (LIPs) and Anoxia Events in “The Boring Billion”
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Recent results on ca. 1,380 Ma LIPs and black shales indicate a temporal link between LIPs and black shales and suggest a potential way for using coeval LIPs and black shales as natural markers for boundaries in the Mesoproterozoic timescale. In this chapter, we provide a brief review of LIPs and black shales during “the Boring Billion” in different cratons. The results show that in addition to the ca. 1,380 Ma LIP activity that is coeval with black shales, other major LIPs during this period can preliminarily be divided into several stages and are likely/possibly contemporaneous with black shales, especially the 1,650–1,620 Ma and ca. 1,100 Ma LIPs. Our results demonstrate that the global-scale LIPs and black shales in the Boring Billion can potentially be used as natural markers for subdivisions of the Proterozoic timescale. The results also suggest that, while the Boring Billion was characterized by suboxic or mildly oxygenated marine basins, it was interrupted by several OAEs that are partly caused by the environmental impact of LIPs. Preliminarily proposed correlation of LIPs and black shales provide a new way to explain the fluctuating evolution of atmosphere, life, and marine basins during the Boring Billion as identified by many recent studies.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".