Supermarket Procurement Practices in Developing Countries: Redefining the Roles of the Public and Private Sectors
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The impact of supermarkets on small producers in developing countries has received much attention in recent years, predominantly focusing on global commodity chains for nontraditional agricultural products to industrialized country markets (see, e.g., Dolan, Humphrey, and Harris-Pascal; Dolan and Humphrey). More recently, attention has been focused on the evolution of supermarkets within developing countries, in particular Latin America (see, e.g., Reardon and Berdegue; Weatherspoon and Reardon). Experience in both contexts suggests that the increasing demand for high-value fresh produce can provide new opportunities for enhanced small producer livelihoods. However, the standards (including food safety and quality requirements) and supply reliability demanded by supermarkets, raise challenges for small producers. Indeed, there is evidence that supermarket buyers in both industrialized and developing countries are increasingly sourcing from large commercial growers. Significant benefits can be derived by both buyers and sellers from long-term partnerships along supply chains, particularly in satisfying nonprice demands (Perosio et al.). Fearne and Hughes suggest that effective communication between and within stakeholders is
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".