Competition for exclusive customers: comparing equilibrium and welfare under one‐part and two‐part pricing
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract. This paper compares one‐part and two‐part pricing in a discrete‐continuous choice model, providing more extensive welfare results than prior literature. Under two‐part pricing, firms may set fixed fees with or without ‘unit‐price commitment,’ where the lack of unit‐price commitment is consistent with ‘after‐market monopolization.’ We find that two‐part pricing with unit‐price commitment is firms’ dominant unilateral and joint pricing policy. Two‐part pricing without unit‐price commitment is the least desirable policy from a welfare standpoint. Under appropriate conditions, one‐part pricing produces the highest consumer and social welfare, but the lowest profits.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it