Elevated lipids are associated with reduced regional brain structure in youth with bipolar disorder
Bibliographic record
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: Abnormal blood lipid levels are common in bipolar disorder (BD) and correlate with mood symptoms and neurocognition. However, studies have not examined the lipid-brain structure association in BD or youth. METHODS: This study examined low-density lipoprotein (LDL-C), high-density lipoprotein (HDL-C), triglycerides, and total cholesterol (TC) levels in relation to brain structure utilizing T1-weighted images, among participants ages 13-20 with BD (n = 55) and healthy controls (HC; n = 47). General linear models investigated group differences in the association of lipids with anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), hippocampus, and inferior parietal lobe structure, controlling for age, sex, body mass index, and intracranial volume. For significant associations, post hoc within-group analyses were undertaken. Exploratory vertex-wise analyses further investigated group differences in the lipid-brain structure association. RESULTS: There were significant group differences in the association of LDL-C (β = -0.29 p = 0.001), and TC (β = -0.21 p = 0.016), with hippocampal volume, and triglycerides with ACC volume (β = -0.25 p = 0.01) and area (β = -0.26 p = 0.004). Elevated lipids were associated with smaller brain structure to a significantly greater extent in BD vs HC. Post hoc analyses revealed that elevated LDL-C (β = -0.27 p = 0.007) and reduced HDL-C (β = 0.24 p = 0.01) were associated with smaller hippocampal volume in the BD group. Exclusion of BD second-generation antipsychotic users did not alter these results. Vertex-wise analyses further showed that elevated lipids were associated with smaller brain structure to a significantly greater extent in BD vs HC, across the cortex. CONCLUSION: Elevated lipids are associated with smaller brain structure in BD. Research evaluating lipid-brain structure associations prospectively and whether lipid optimization has salutary effects on brain structure is necessary.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".