The Impact Of Performance-Based CEO And CFO Compensation On Internal Control Quality
Bibliographic record
Abstract
We examine the effects of compensation on the quality of internal control and provide the first evidence relating the time horizon of ex ante performance-based compensation incentives and internal control quality over financial reporting in the SOX 404 era. Specifically, we find that for CEOs and CFOs, the sensitivity of the option portfolio to stock price changes and the proportion of compensation received from long-term incentive plans are related to the propensity to report internal control weaknesses during the period 2004-2006. These effects are negative for long-term incentives but positive or insignificant for short-term incentives for both CEOs and CFOs, who have the primary responsibility for the financial reporting process. Compensation sensitivity is also more strongly related to more severe company-level than account-specific control weaknesses. This company-level weakness relation is stronger for the CFO, who has the primary responsibility for the processes generating financial information and for the financial reporting by the firm. Our findings indicate that SOX disclosures harness the power of compensation schemes to improve internal control quality.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.010 | 0.055 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".