The dynamics of immigrant participation in entitlement programs: evidence from Canada, 19932007
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Using uniquely rich Canadian administrative data from the 1993–2007 period, I find no evidence of rising Employment Insurance (EI) participation across recentimmigrant cohorts and no evidence of rising EI participation with number of years spent in Canada beyond the short period following entrance into the Canadian labour market. I also find little evidence of the rising immigrant participation in Social Assistance (SA), either across recent arrival cohorts or with years in Canada. The results do not appear to be seriously affected by emigration and attrition within each immigrant cohort. While the immigrant participation in traditional ‘welfare’ programs such as Social Assistance has generally declined from 1993 to 2007, I show that Canada Child Tax Benefit and other federal and provincial programs aimed at providing financial assistance to families with children have become a major source of transfer income to immigrant families. JEL classification: J61, J65, I31 La dynamique de la participation des immigrants aux programmes auxquels ils ont droit : resultats canadiens 1993–2007. A l’aide de donnees administratives canadiennes particulierement riches pour la periode 1993–2007, on decouvre qu’il n’y a pas d’evidence de participation plus elevee au programme d’Assurance Emploi (AE) d’une cohorte d’immigrants recents a l’autre dans le temps, non plus que d’evidence de participation accrue a l’AE des immigrants recents avec le nombre d’annees passees au Canada, si ce n’est pour la courte periode qui suit l’entree dans le marche du travail canadien. On ne trouve que peu de support pour l’hypothese de participation accrue a l’Assistance Sociale (AS) tant d’une cohorte a la suivante qu’avec le nombre d’annees passees au Canada. Ces resultats ne semblent pas affectes par l’emigration ou l’attrition a l’interieur de chaque cohorte. Alors que la participation des immigrants aux programmes de bien-etre traditionnels comme l’Assistance Sociale ont generalement decline entre 1993 et 2007, on montre que la prestation fiscale canadienne pour enfants et autres programmes federaux I am grateful to Jorgen Hansen, Rene Morissette, and two anonymous referees for many helpful comments and suggestions. None of the opinions expressed in this paper should be attributed to Statistics Canada. Email: yuri.ostrovsky@statcan.gc.ca Canadian Journal of Economics / Revue canadienne d’Economique, Vol. 45, No. 1 February / fevrier 2012. Printed in Canada / Imprime au Canada 0008-4085 / 12 / 107–136 / C © Canadian Economics Association
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.005 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.004 | 0.011 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".