Anxiety and Depressive Disorders in Children Born Preterm: A Meta-Analysis
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: Preterm birth is associated with a high prevalence of psychiatric disorders including internalizing problems. However, there is a lack of consensus on the risk for depression and on specific diagnostic profiles. This meta-analysis investigates the independent pooled odds of Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders Fourth Edition anxiety and depressive disorders in children between 3 and 19 years of age born preterm compared with their term-born peers. METHOD: PubMed/MEDLINE, PsycINFO, and Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature electronic databases were searched (last updated in September 2019) using population ("child"), exposure ("preterm birth"), and outcome ("anxiety") terms for English peer-reviewed publications. Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines were followed with the risk of bias assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Quality Assessment Scale. Pooled odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) was estimated using fixed-effects models. RESULTS: Eleven independent studies met the inclusion criteria. The pooled sample comprised 1294 preterm and 1274 term-born children with anxiety outcomes and 777 preterm and 784 term-born children with depressive outcomes between 3 and 19 years of age. Children born preterm had significantly greater odds for anxiety (OR: 2.17; 95% CI, 1.43-3.29), generalized anxiety (OR: 2.20; 95% CI, 1.26-3.84), and specific phobia (OR: 1.93; 95% CI, 1.05-3.52) relative to their term-born peers. There were no significant between-group differences for reported depressive disorders. CONCLUSION: Preterm birth is associated with a higher prevalence of anxiety, but not depressive disorders, from 3 to 19 years of age, suggesting distinct etiological pathways in this high-risk population. The findings support variation in the rates of specific anxiety diagnoses, indicating the need to extend neurodevelopmental surveillance to encompass a holistic emotional screening approach.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.005 | 0.003 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it