Female labour force participation in an era of organizational and technological change
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The supply of skilled female labour increased significantly at the beginning of the twentieth century as women assumed positions in the newly created clerical workforce. Evidence suggests that despite this increase in labour supply, the wage paid to female clerical workers increased over the period and that the ratio of female clerical wages to male manufacturing wages was roughly constant. These labour market facts can be accounted for in a dynamic general equilibrium model in which an exogenous increase in human capital induces an increase in demand for skilled clerical workers. While induced technological change that favours skilled workers may account for the observed increase in female real wages, explaining the stagnate relative weekly wages paid to female clerical workers requires a framework that includes organizational change. JEL classification: E23, O33, N32 Participation des femmes a la main d’œuvre dans une ere de changement organisationnel et technologique. L’offre de travail feminin qualifie s’est accrue de maniere significative au debut du XXe siecle a proportion que les femmes ont occupe des positions dans la main d’œuvre administrative nouvellement creee. Les donnees suggerent que malgre cet accroissement dans l’offre de travail, les salaires payes aux travailleuses administratives ont cru au cours de cette periode et que le ratio des salaires des femmes dans des tâches administratives par rapport aux salaires des hommes dans le secteur manufacturier est demeure grosso modo constant. On peut expliquer ces faits stylises dans un modele dynamique d’equilibre general dans lequel un accroissement exogene de capital humain suscite un accroissement de la demande de travailleurs qualifies dans l’administration. Alors que le changement technologique induit qui favorise les travailleurs qualifies peut expliquer l’accroissement du salaire reel des femmes, l’explication d’une stagnation des I dedicate this paper to Alan Green and to Mary McKinnon, both of whom contributed directly to its merit and whose remarkable research inspired its original premise. Sincere gratitude is owed to my thesis advisor, Huw Lloyd-Ellis, for his dedication and support. I thank Beverly Lapham, Ian Keay, Joanne Roberts, Allen Head, Marvin McInnis, and two anonymous referees of this journal for their guidance. I gratefully acknowledge a post-doctoral fellowship from T.A.R.G.E.T. that made this research possible. Email: marina.adshade@ubc.ca Canadian Journal of Economics / Revue canadienne d’Economique, Vol. 45, No. 3 August / aout 2012. Printed in Canada / Imprime au Canada 0008-4085 / 12 / 1188–1219 / C © Canadian Economics Association Female labour force participation 1189 salaires relatifs hebdomadaires payes aux femmes dans des tâches administratives reclame un cadre d’analyse qui incorpore des changements organisationnels.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.009 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".