Do Chain Affiliation and Store Prestige Affect Shopping Center Rents
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This study aims at testing whether, and to what extent, chain affiliation within regional and super-regional shopping centers affects store rent levels. In this paper, based on the hedonic methodology, international, national, provincial as well as local chains are considered together with independent stores. The impact of store prestige on rents is also assessed. The research is performed in a Canadian context, with eleven regional and super-regional shopping centres located in Quebec City (5) and Montreal (6) being used, totalling over three million square feet of gross leasable area (GLA). Anchor stores and storage space are excluded from the analysis. Once filtered, the database consists of 1,477 valid leases running over the 2000-2003 period. Unit base rent is used as the dependent variable while regressors include: GLA, the shopping center weighted age, a location variable, lease duration, a time variable, the percentage rent rate, a series of retail category variables, the shopping center concentration index, an economic potential index, the retail chain affiliation level and, finally, a store level-of-prestige descriptor. Findings suggest that, even when micro-market influences are accounted for, chain-affiliated stores are granted a rent discount by landlords, with the latter ranging between 4.9% (Quebec City) and 6.0% (Montreal). Findings also suggest that a substantial rent premium is assigned to high-prestige stores. Based on this research, the high-prestige rent premium stands at 10.5% for Quebec City shopping centers while it reaches 13.0% for Montreal retail establishments.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".