Deep Waters in British Columbia Mainland Fjords Show Rapid Warming and Deoxygenation From 1951 to 2020
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Many complex fjord systems cross British Columbia's coastline. A 70 year (1951–2020) time series analysis of temperature, salinity, and oxygen in four such fjords between ∼54 and 50oN (Douglas Channel, Rivers Inlet, Knight Inlet and Bute Inlet) shows that changes were greatest in deep waters between the sill and the bottom. In Rivers, Knight and Bute Inlet, the deep water temperature increased by 1.2–1.3°C over 70 years, up to two times the global average for open ocean waters at corresponding depths, while salinity increased by 0.1–0.2, and oxygen decreased by 0.4–0.7 mLL−1. The most northern inlet, Douglas Channel, showed a temperature increase of 0.8°C from 1951 to 2016, while trends in oxygen and salinity were not statistically significant. An analysis of Apparent Oxygen Utilization suggests that the deep waters in Douglas Channel are more readily exchanged with the outer coast than the three other fjords.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".