The effects of dust on the optical and infrared evolution of SN 2004et
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
We present an analysis of multi-epoch observations of the Type II-P supernova SN 2004et. New and archival optical spectra of SN 2004et are used to study the evolution of the Hα and [Oi] 6300-Å line profiles between days 259 and 646. Mid-infrared imaging with Michelle on Gemini-North and with all three instruments of the Spitzer Space Telescope was carried out between 2004 and 2010, supplemented by archival Spitzer data. We include Spitzer'warm' mission photometry at 3.6 and 4.5μm obtained on days 1779, 1931 and 2151, along with ground-based and Hubble Space Telescope (HST) optical and near-infrared observations obtained between days 79 and 1803. Multiwavelength light curves are presented, as well as optical-infrared spectral energy distributions (SEDs) for multiple epochs. Starting from about day 300, the optical light curves provide evidence for an increasing amount of circumstellar extinction attributable to newly formed dust, with the additional extinction reaching 0.8-1.5mag in the V band by day 690. The overall SEDs were fitted with multiple blackbody components, in order to investigate the luminosity evolution of the supernova, and then with Monte Carlo radiative transfer models using smooth or clumpy dust distributions, in order to estimate how much new dust condensed in the ejecta. The luminosity evolution was consistent with the decay of 56Co in the ejecta up until about day 690, after which an additional emission source is required, in agreement with the findings of Kotak et al. Clumped dust density distributions consisting of 20percent amorphous carbons and 80percent silicates by mass were able to match the observed optical and infrared SEDs, with dust masses that increased from 8 × 10-5M⊙ on day 300 to 1.5 × 10-3M⊙ on day 690, still significantly lower than the values needed for core-collapse supernovae to make a significant contribution to the dust enrichment of galaxies. © 2011 The Authors Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society © 2011 RAS.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it