Bibliographic record
Abstract
A reform of Italian co-operative law was passed in 2003 and came into force in 2004. This paper presents the principal characteristics of the new Italian co-operative law and seeks to evaluate the relationship of some of its main provisions to traditional co-operative principles. From this perspective, the paper deals in particular with the definition of the Italian co-operative as a company with a mutual purpose ; the distinction between mainly mutual co-operatives and other co-operatives (and the relationship between mutuality and profit-making in co-operatives); the regulation of voting in the assembly (the one member, one vote principle and its exceptions); the available governance systems ( tripartite , dualistic , monistic ); and co-operative finance solutions (investor members and financial instruments). Using the Italian reforms as a starting point for debate, this paper puts forth the possibility of generalising a modified approach to co-operative regulation and principles, taking into account efficiency issues, while preserving the co-operative identity. Paper presented at the symposium Co-operatives, legislation and public policy (Sobey School of Business, Saint Mary s University, Halifax, Canada, 19-21 June 2009) (Nel 2003 stata approvata in Italia e poi nel 2004 entrata in vigore una nuova riforma legislativa sulle imprese cooperative. Il presente articolo presenta le principali caratteristiche della nuova legge e tenta di valutare il rapporto tra alcuni dei principali provvedimenti stabiliti dalla legge e i principi tradizionali delle cooperative. Da questo punto di vista, l articolo affronta in particolare la definizione di cooperativa vigente in Italia, che la inquadra come una impresa a finalit mutualistica . Vengono inoltre affrontati il tema della distinzione tra cooperative a mutualit prevalente e altre cooperative (e la relazione tra mutualit e raggiungimento di profitti nelle cooperative), la regolazione dei meccanismi di voto (nel rispetto del principio una-testa-un-voto e con le sue eccezioni), i sistemi di governance (tripartito, dualistico e monistico), le soluzioni introdotte per il sostegno finanziario delle cooperative (con la figura dei soci sovventori o investitori ed alcuni strumenti finanziari). L articolo utilizza quindi la riforma giuridica introdotta per aprire il dibattito ed allargare alla possibilit di approcciarsi alla regolamentazione e ai principi delle cooperative in un approccio nuovo che tenga conto della questione dell efficienza pur preservando l identit cooperativa.)
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.008 | 0.010 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.004 | 0.014 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.009 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Research integrity | 0.005 | 0.006 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".