Crack Self-Healing in NaOH-Activated Slag-Based Composites Incorporating Calcium Hydroxide
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Geopolymers and alkali-activated materials (AAM) have emerged as a promising sustainable alternative to ordinary Portland cement (OPC). Although much effort has recently been devoted to a wide range of research on the self-healing of cracks in OPC-based composites, little is known about the self-healing potential of AAMs. Therefore, this study explores the crack self-healing capability of NaOH-activated slag composites using a portfolio of testing methods, including electrical conductivity, mercury intrusion porosimetry, inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and X-ray microcomputed tomography. Experimental results indicate that alkali-activated slag-based composites incorporating calcium hydroxide achieved higher levels of self-healing than control specimens without calcium hydroxide. X-ray micro-computed tomography coupled with three-dimensional image analysis demonstrated that the observed self-healing was a surface mechanism that only occurred at surface cracks. Calcium carbonate was found to be the main self-healing product in all test specimens. Leaching experimental results indicated that the concentration of Ca2+ ions in the AAM matrix plays a critical role in calcium carbonate precipitation and, thus, in the self-healing potential.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".