Value of Insect Pest Management to U.S. and Canadian Corn, Soybean and Canola Farmers
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The objectives of this research were to assess 1) the value of alternative insect management practices to farmers and 2) how these values relate to nonpecuniary factors such as simplicity, convenience, yield risk, and human and environmental safety. To accomplish these objectives, we conduct¬ed telephone surveys in 2014 of corn and soybean farmers in the U.S. as well as corn, soybean and canola farmers in Canada. Corn farmers were queried about their use in 2013 of Bt corn, insecticide seed treatments, soil insecticides and foliar insecticides. Soybean and canola farmers were queried about their use in 2013 of insecticide seed treatments and foliar insecticides. All farmers were queried about their educational background, farming experience, insect pests of concern, sources of insect management information and nonpecuniary factors influencing their insect management decisions. Finally, all farmers were asked about the value they receive from these various insect management practices. Factor analysis was used to better understand the nonpecuniary factors influencing farmer pest man¬agement decisions. Also, econometric methods were used to better un¬derstand regional difference in pest management practices and the value of these practices as well as how differences in these pest management practices and the value of these practices related to various nonpecuniary factors. Finally, the results of the econometric analysis were used to esti¬mate the value of these different insect management practices to farmers. Based on these results, neonicotinoid seed treatments were the most valued insect management practice for North American corn, soybean and canola farmers, with a total farmer value of $1.43 billion in 2013. Bt corn was second, with a total farmer value of $1.3 billion in 2013. The total farmer values of foliar and soil insecticides were $306 million and $175 million respectively. Taken as a whole, these results demonstrate that neonicotinoid seed treatments provide substantial value to North American corn, soybean and canola farmers.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".