Bibliographic record
Abstract
Measuring fiscal performance is not easy. Official budget measures are often flawed with measurement problems, so much so that they may provide a distorted picture of fiscal policy performance. This paper estimates several measures of Ghana Government fiscal balances. The results show that (i) the treatment of grants and divestiture (capital) receipts as regular revenues obscures the reality that primary expenditures needed for basic government functions have become unsustainable by conventional tax revenue since 1992; (ii) conventional budget balance understated the broad deficit on average by about 3% of GDP between 1983 and 1995 and by as much as 4% of GDP by another deficit measure; (iii) depreciation-induced interest cost on the external debt averaged 0.5% of GDP annually; (iv) deficit financing by inflation tax on the stock of domestic debt averaged 3.8% of GDP; and (v) the consolidated public sector deficit exceeded the central government operational deficit on average by 1.2% of GDP for the period 1983-95.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.011 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".