A Comparison of Lipids and apoB in Asian Indians and Americans
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Background and aims: Apolipoprotein B (apoB) integrates and extends the information from the conventional measures of atherogenic cholesterol and triglyceride. To illustrate how apoB could simplify and improve the management of dyslipoproteinemia, we compared conventional lipid markers and apoB in a sample of Americans and Asian Indians. Methods: Data from the US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) (11,778 participants, 2009-2010, 2011-2012), and the Centre for Cardiometabolic Risk Reduction in South Asia (CARRS) cohort study in Delhi, India (4244 participants), 2011 were evaluated. We compared means and distributions of plasma lipids, and apo B using the Mann-Whitney U test and Fisher's exact test. A p value of < 0.05 was considered significant. Results: The plasma lipid profile differed between Asian Indians and Americans. Plasma triglycerides were greater, but HDL-C lower in Asian Indians than in Americans. By contrast, total cholesterol, non-HDL-C, and LDL-C were all significantly higher in Americans than Asian Indians. However, apoB was significantly higher in Asian Indians than Americans. The LDL-C/apoB ratio and the non-HDL-C/apoB ratio were both significantly lower in Asian Indians than Americans. Conclusion: Whether Americans or Asian Indians are at higher risk from apoB lipoproteins cannot be determined based on their lipid levels because the information from lipids cannot be integrated. ApoB, however, integrates and extends the information from triglycerides and cholesterol. Replacing the conventional lipid panel with apoB for routine follow ups could simultaneously simplify and improve clinical care.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".