The 'Trendiness' of Sleep: An Empirical Investigation into the Cyclical Nature of Sleep Time
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Using Canadian time use data, we exploit exogenous variation in local unemployment rates to investigate the cyclical nature of sleep time and show that for both men and women, sleep time decreases when the economy is doing relatively better. Our results suggest that in a recession Canadians sleep an average of 2 hours and 34 minutes more per week, or 22 minutes more per day. Given the importance of even small changes in sleep time on measures of cognitive functioning such as reaction time and concentration, our findings may help explain the countercyclical nature of mortality. Further, as we find that sleep is affected by the same economic variables (notably the unemployment rate) that affect market work time, our results also contribute to the limited literature that shows that sleep time should not be treated as exogenously determined, but, like any other resource, determined by its relative cost. / En utilisant des données canadiennes sur l'utilisation du temps, nous exploitons les variations exogènes des taux de chômage locaux afin d'étudier la nature cyclique du temps de sommeil et montrons que le temps de sommeil des hommes et des femmes diminue lorsque l'économie fait relativement mieux. Nos résultats suggèrent que, lors d'une récession, les Canadiens dorment en moyenne 2 heures et 34 minutes de plus par semaine ou 22 minutes de plus par jour. Étant donné l'importance de l'effet de changements de temps de sommeil sur des mesures de fonctionnement cognitif telles que le temps de réaction et des mesures de concentration, nos résultats peuvent aider à expliquer la nature contra-cyclique de la mortalité. De plus, puisque nous constatons que le sommeil est affecté par les mêmes variables économiques (comme le taux de chômage) qui affectent le temps travaillé, nos résultats contribuent ainsi à une littérature assez restreinte qui montre que la quantité de temps de sommeil ne devrait pas être traitée comme étant déterminée de manière exogène mais plutôt comme toute autre ressource, déterminée par son coût relatif.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.008 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.007 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".